I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that Independent People's Republic of Bangladesh has been established. This has included several military coups and periods of martial law. The situation reached a climax in 1970, when the Bangladesh Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in the national elections. the deadliest tropical cyclone on record. In the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalees to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army. The only survivor of the Rayerbazar killings describes the captors and killers of Bengali professionals as fellow Bengalis. Read and watch the preview of Bangladesh Twenty20 Tri-Series 2019 2019, Final, Bangladesh vs Afghanistan only on ESPNcricinfo.com Violent clashes between E.P.R. All unprejudiced persons objectively surveying the grim events in Bangladesh since March 25 have recognised the revolt of 75 million people, a people who were forced to the conclusion that neither their life, nor their liberty, to say nothing of the possibility of the pursuit of happiness, was available to them. After their discussions yielded no satisfactory results, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a nationwide strike. On 16 December 2002, the George Washington University's National Security Archive published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and United States Information Service centres in Dacca and India, and officials in Washington, D.C.[123] These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms "selective genocide"[132] and "genocide" (see The Blood Telegram) for information on events they had knowledge of at the time. Senator Ted Kennedy in the United States led a congressional campaign for an end to Pakistani military persecution; while U.S. diplomats in East Pakistan strongly dissented with the Nixon administration's close ties to the Pakistani military dictator Yahya Khan. Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks. The movement reached its climax in 1952, when on 21 February, the police fired on protesting students and civilians, causing several deaths. 2019 (MMXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2019th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 19th year of the 3rd millennium, the 19th year of the 21st century, and the 10th and last year of the 2010s decade. At first, resistance was spontaneous and disorganised, and was not expected to be prolonged. Administration of two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge. Dhaka: University Press. Bengali conventional forces would occupy lodgment areas inside Bangladesh and then the Bangladesh government would request international. [140] US President Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Yahya Khan appointed Brigadier (later General) Rahimuddin Khan to preside over a special tribunal prosecuting Rahman with multiple charges. 26 March 1971 is considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh, and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth. The Bangladesh Liberation War[note 1] (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ, pronounced [mukt̪ijud̪d̪ʰə]), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, or simply the Liberation War in Bangladesh, was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in what was then East Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. These "government passengers" were almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress. We shall fight to the last to free our motherland. The Dominion of Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west with India in between. Although East Pakistan accounted for a slight majority of the country's population,[55] political power remained in the hands of West Pakistanis. Sending the maximum number to guerrillas inside Bangladesh as soon as possible with the following objectives: Increasing Pakistani casualties through raids and ambush. The war ended on 16 December 1971 after West Pakistan surrendered. Blood, A. K. (2005). The Kalurghat Radio Station's transmission capability was limited, but the message was picked up by a Japanese ship in the Bay of Bengal. Zafar Masud(AOC, Eastern Air Cmnd. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. [76] Major Ziaur Rahman broadcast announcement of the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. A. K. Khandker (Second-in-Command, Bangladesh Forces), Yahya Khan(President of Pakistan) Nurul Amin(Prime Minister of Pakistan) Abdul Motaleb Malik(Governor of East Pakistan) Gen. A. H. Khan(Chief of Staff, Army GHQ) Lt. Gen. A. Due to low numbers of native businessmen in East Pakistan, substantial labour unrest and a tense political environment, there were also much lower foreign investments in the eastern wing. Nixon said, "Threaten to move forces or move them, Henry, that's what they must do now." The strategic objective was to make the Pakistanis spread their forces inside the province, so attacks could be made on isolated Pakistani detachments. Major Ziaur Rahman was requested to provide security of the station and he also read the Declaration on 27 March 1971. Dr. Adam Jones Professor, Political Science University of British Columbia, Canada. As a result, the Indian government decided to support the creation of a separate state for ethnic Bengalis by supporting the Mukti Bahini. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases. [41][42], In 1947 the Bengali Muslims had identified themselves with Pakistan's Islamic project but by the 1970s the people of East Pakistan had given priority to their Bengali ethnicity over their religious identity, desiring a society in accordance with Western principles such as secularism, democracy and socialism. [63], A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army—codenamed Operation Searchlight—started on 25 March 1971 to curb the Bengali independence movement[28] by taking control of the major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,[64] within one month. What brings you back to Bangladesh? Later, in memory of the deaths in 1952, UNESCO declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day in November 1999.[38]. বাংলায় একটি পেজে বাংলাদেশ ও বিশ্বের সকল সংবাদ। দেশ বা বিদেশ, সংবাদ বা বিশ্লেষণ, খেলা বা রাজনীতি; আপনার জন্য আমাদের সব আয়োজন। Bangladesh and world news in Bengali language just in a single page. These Bengali units slowly merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies from India. The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan's declared strategic doctrine that the "defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan". Adm. Mohammad Shariff (FOC, Eastern Naval Command) Capt. Though the United Nations condemned the human rights violations during and following Operation Searchlight, it failed to defuse the situation politically before the start of the war. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi provided extensive diplomatic and political support to the Bangladesh movement. The council continued deliberations for four days. On 17 April 1971, a provisional government was formed in Meherpur District in western Bangladesh bordering India with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in prison in Pakistan, as president, Syed Nazrul Islam as acting president, Tajuddin Ahmad as prime minister, and General Muhammad Ataul Ghani Osmani as Commander-in-Chief, Bangladesh Forces. In 1948, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that "Urdu, and only Urdu" would be the federal language of Pakistan. Victory is, by the Grace of Allah, ours. The proposal elicited outrage in the east wing, already chafing under the other constitutional innovation, the "One Unit scheme". [139] Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first President of Bangladesh visited Bhutan to attend the coronation of Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the fourth King of Bhutan in June 1974. Posted at 17:45 2 Jul 2019 17:45 2 Jul 2019 Post update Bangladesh captain Mashrafe Mortaza: "It was a good effort - Mustafizur bowled well - but … That was far superior to the Pakistani army of three divisions. Share page. [89] Three brigades (11 Battalions) were raised for conventional warfare; a large guerrilla force (estimated at 100,000) was trained. [124][125][126] The Pakistan Army also kept numerous Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Dacca Cantonment. [21] Sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. The year 2019 is the 48th year after the independence of Bangladesh. A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration reached some students in Chittagong. The 10th Sector was directly placed under the Commander in Chief (C-in-C) General M. A. G. Osmani and included the Naval Commandos and C-in-C's special force. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the other, are going on. East Pakistan was already economically disadvantaged at the time of Pakistan's creation yet this economic disparity only increased under Pakistani rule. ... June 14, 2019. Few had expected that they would lose the formal war in under a fortnight, and there was also unsettlement over what was perceived as a meek surrender of the army in East Pakistan. Guerrilla attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian populations. The treaty ensured that Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh in exchange for the return of the Pakistani PoWs. [120] Just two days before the surrender, on 14 December 1971, Pakistan Army and Razakar militia (local collaborators) picked up at least 100 physicians, professors, writers and engineers in Dacca, and murdered them, leaving the dead bodies in a mass grave. Factors included not only the deliberate state discrimination in developmental policies but also the fact that the presence of the country's capital and more immigrant businessmen in the Western wing directed greater government allocations there. Residential halls of the University of Dacca were particularly targeted. The Bangladeshi Genocide in Comparative Perspective. The 1970 Bhola cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of 12 November, around the same time as a local high tide,[57] killing an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 people. M. A. Hannan, an Awami League leader from Chittagong, is said to have made the first announcement of the declaration of independence over the radio on 26 March 1971.[79]. Their suspicions were further aggravated by the military dictatorships of Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) and Yahya Khan (25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971), both West Pakistanis. Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh. [103] The Indians quickly overran the country, selectively engaging or bypassing heavily defended strongholds. India, which was led by Indira Gandhi, provided substantial diplomatic, economic and military support to Bangladeshi nationalists. [51] While Pakistan's government strives for an Islamic state, Bangladesh was established secular. [127] There was significant sectarian violence not only perpetrated and encouraged by the Pakistani army,[128] but also by Bengali nationalists against non-Bengali minorities, especially Biharis. This was one of the first times that a natural event helped trigger a civil war. Dalle inondazioni ai disoccupati. He closed his speech saying, "Our struggle is for our freedom. British, Indian and American musicians organised the world's first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. The major success story was Operation Jackpot, in which naval commandos mined and blew up berthed ships in Chittagong, Mongla, Narayanganj and Chandpur on 15 August 1971.[98][99]. [148] The United States delayed recognition for some months, before according it on 8 April 1972.[149]. Tajuddin Ahmad(Prime Minister of Provisional Government of Bangladesh) M. A. G. Osmani(Cdr-in-C, Bangladesh Forces) Maj. K. M. Shafiullah(Commander, S Force) Maj. Ziaur Rahman(Commander, Z Force) Maj. Khaled Mosharraf (Commander, K Force) Gp Capt. 17 November - 7 people killed in a gas explosion in Chittagong. However, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (a former Foreign Minister), the leader of the Pakistan People's Party, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan. 1–10 December - Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won gold medals winning all the 10, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 13:17. Tales of abuse and rape by the Pakistan Army, 1971 Massacre in Bangladesh and the Fallacy in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, Dr. M.A. [43] The events of the language movement brought about a sentiment among Bengalis in favour of discarding Pakistan's communalism in favour of secular politics. [100], The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched a pre-emptive strike on Indian Air Force bases on 3 December 1971. As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971. [109] It released more than 93,000 Pakistani PoWs in five months. Bangladesh forces command was set up on 11 July, with Col. M. A. G. Osmani as commander-in-chief (C-in-C) with the status of Cabinet Minister, Lt. Col., Abdur Rabb as chief of Staff (COS), Group Captain A K Khandker as Deputy Chief of Staff (DCOS) and Major A R Chowdhury as Assistant Chief of Staff (ACOS). This was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971. The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on 25 March 1971 proved the last straw to the efforts to negotiate a settlement. Il notiziario viene creato dal nostro algoritmo di classificazione automatica di testi con le ultimissime novità dai quotidiani e le agenzie di stampa online italiane. [66], The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. The day is revered in Bangladesh as the Language Movement Day. They were supported by nearly three brigades of Mukti Bahini fighting alongside them, and many more who were fighting irregularly. [43] Many Bengali Muslims strongly objected to the Islamist paradigm imposed by the Pakistani state. বাংলাদেশ, বাংলাদেশের খবর, Latest বাংলাদেশ update, বাংলা দেশের ব্রেকিং নিউজ সবার আগে পড়ুন ঢাকা ট্রিবিউন বাংলা অনলাইন সংস্করণ-এ [clarification needed] Members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. [65], Before the beginning of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pakistan. Bangladés, situada en el sur de Asia, tiene una superficie de 147.630 Km 2.. Bangladés, con una población de 161.356.039 personas, es uno de los países más poblados del mundo 1.093 habitantes por Km 2.. Su capital es Daca y su moneda Takas. The Mukti Bahini became increasingly active. This was done as a measure of promoting "lasting peace" and was acknowledged by many observers as a sign of maturity by India. (1969–71)). [96][97], Guerrilla operations, which slackened during the training phase, picked up after August. The strike was seen by India as an open act of unprovoked aggression, which marked the official start of the Indo-Pakistani War. 30 March - The fourth fire of the year broke out on DNCC Market. East-Pakistani judges, including Justice Siddique, refused to swear him in. India treated all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention, rule 1925. Bangladesh is very important to us. The East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. Three Indian corps were involved in the liberation of East Pakistan. General Niazi, who surrendered along with 93,000 troops, was viewed with suspicion and contempt upon his return to Pakistan. [144][145][146], The Soviet Union supported Bangladesh and Indian armies, as well as the Mukti Bahini during the war, recognising that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and the People's Republic of China. [155]:7 Despite the left wing government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike following a neutral non-aligned foreign policy, Sri Lanka decided to help Pakistan in the war. The widespread rape of Bangladeshi women led to birth of thousands of war babies. Note: For the year 2019 average official exchange rate for BDT was 83.47 per US$. [43][46] West Pakistanis, in an attempt to "Islamise" the East, wanted the Bengalis to adopt Urdu. See 57 Dilawar Hossain, account reproduced in, Dateline Bangladesh: Documentary by Gita Mehta, East Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology, Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War, List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War, Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971, Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971, Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan, Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, a pre-emptive strike on Indian Air Force bases, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War, Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh), NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces, "Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan forces in Dacca", "India – Pakistan War, 1971; Introduction By Tom Cooper, with Khan Syed Shaiz Ali", "Bangladesh Islamist leader Ghulam Azam charged", "54 Indian PoWs of 1971 war still in Pakistan", "Mukti Bahini and the liberation war of Bangladesh: A review of conflicting views", "India Partition with Present Many Problems", "Gendercide Watch: Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971", "Bangladesh – The Zia Regime and Its Aftermath, 1977–82", "Anatomy of Violence, Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971", "Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971", "World Refugee Day: Five human influxes that have shaped India", "The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge", "SOAS Language Centre – Bengali Language Courses", "Demons of December – Road from East Pakistan to Bangladesh", Hassan, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Mubashir, "Thematic paper: Role of forests and trees in protecting coastal areas against cyclones", "A Critical Juncture Analysis, 1964–2003", "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia", "Encyclopædia Britannica Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan", "History : The Declaration of Independence", M1 India, Pakistan, and the United States: Breaking with the Past By Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli, "Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born", "Bangladesh: Unfinished Justice for the crimes of 1971 – South Asia Citizens Web", "Bangladesh's genocide debate; A conscientious research", "The Simla Agreement 1972 – Story of Pakistan", "India's Strategic Blunders in the 1971 War", "General Niazi's Failure in High Command", Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century, "125 Slain in Dacca Area Believed Elite of Bengal", "The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971", "Bengali Wives Raped in War Are Said to Face Ostracism", Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, "Stateless Refugees and the Right to Return: the Bihari Refugees of South Asia, Part 1", "Bernard-Henri Levy: Andre Malraux's Bangladesh, Before the Radicals", "André Malraux: A true friend of Bangladesh", "Securitization, social identity, and democratic security: Nixon, India, and the ties that bind", The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971, "The triumvirate of the Diplomat, the Journalist and the Artist", "Naval 'Show of Force' By Nixon Meant as Blunt Warning to India", "Collateral Damage:'The Blood Telegram,' by Gary J. Bass", "USSR, Czechoslovakia Recognize Bangladesh", "Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971", https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83S00854R000200130001-0.pdf, List of books on Liberation War of Bangladesh, The Tilt: the U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971, Video, audio footage, news reports, pictures and resources from Mukto-mona, Eyewitness Accounts: Genocide in Bangladesh, The women of 1971. At his direction, I have taken the command as the temporary Head of the Republic. President Nixon gave permission for Jordan to send ten F-104s and promised to provide replacements. However, other countries such as Syria and Tunisia were against interfering describing it as an internal matter of Pakistan. Etimologia. close. They secured control of most parts of the countryside.[22]. Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. Bangladesh became an independent country in 1971, following nine months of war that resulted in 300,000-500,000 lives lost. [31] Pakistani President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ordered the Pakistani military to restore the Pakistani government's authority, beginning the civil war.